|
|
|
|
| 1. CABINET meetings held to discuss activities in the Executive Departments
2. Appointment of policy-making officials in Executive Departments 3. SUPERVISION of the Bureau of the Budget |
1. POWER OF the PURSE: approval of congress is necessary for all government
expenditures
2. OVERRIDING THE VETO: by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress 3. IMPEACHMENT by the House and trial in the Senate of the President and all major Federal officials 4. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT by the House in the event that no candidate receives an electoral majority 5. APPROVAL of the Senate of all major appointments, by a majority (Senatorial Courtesy is involved) 6. APPROVAL of the Senate of all treaties by a two-thirds majority 7. INVESTIGATIONS by Congressional committees 8. CONSTITTIONAL AMENDMFNTS proposed by a two thirds majority in each house |
1. JUDICIAL REVIEW: power of the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution
and to declare Federal legislation unconstitutional, first asserted by
Chief Justice John Marshall in case of Marbury vs. Madison
2. CHECK DECISIONS of independent regulatory agencies or the Executive Dept. 3. CHECK PRESIDENTIAL DISMISSAL of a member of a regulatory agency 4. INJUNCTION and MANDAMUS WRITS |
| 1. VETO: disapproval of legislation within ten days, and return to
House of origin; POCKET VETO: no signature and Congressional adjournment
within ten days
2. LEGISLATIIVE RECOMMENDATIONS: in special messages and in State of the Union Message mandated in the Constitution 3. PATRONAGE: power of appointment 4. PARTY LEADER 5. PUBLIC OPINION: use of mass media to gain support 6. EXECUTIVE ORDERS (Emancipation Proclamation) and EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS with foreign countries without Senatorial approval 7. COMMANDER-IN-CHEIF of Armed Forces at all times S. EXECUTIVE POWER: to call special sessions of Congress and to ignore subpoenas |
1. A piece of legislation must be passed by BOTH HOUSES
2. Differences in bills passed in each house are adjusted by CONFERENCE COMMITTEES |
1. CHECK the work of Congressional investigating committees
2. JUDICIAL REVIEW |
| 1. Appointment of all Federal officials, including judges, US Marshalls,
US Attorneys
2. PARDONS AND REPRIEVES for all Federal crimes 3. Use of EXECUTIVE POWER to ignore court orders when they deal with presidential matters |
1. APPROVAL of all judicial appointments by the Senate
2. LIMITING JURISDICTION of the Supreme Court and inferior Federal Courts 3. VARYING number of Justices on tie Supreme Courts from five to ten 4. lMPEACHMENT by Judges by House; TRIAL by Senate 5. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS |
I. JUDICIAL REVIEW of cases heard in and decided by other Federal and
state Courts
2. REVERSAL of previous decisions of the Supreme Court |